How We Know Gravity is Not (Just) a Force
Description of Eddington's experiment from the illustrated London News (1919)
When we think of gravity, we typically think of it as a force between masses. When you step on a scale, for example, the number on the scale represents the pull of the Earth’s gravity on your mass, giving you weight. It is easy to imagine the gravitational force of the Sun holding the planets in their orbits, or the gravitational pull of a black hole. Forces are easy to understand as pushes and pulls.
But we now understand that gravity as a force is only part of a more complex phenomenon described the theory of general relativity. While general relativity is an elegant theory, it’s a radical departure from the idea of gravity as a force. As Carl Sagan once said, “Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence,” and Einstein’s theory is a very extraordinary claim. But it turns out there are several extraordinary experiments that confirm the curvature of space and time.
The key to general relativity lies in the fact that everything in a gravitational field falls at the same rate. Stand on the Moon and drop a hammer and a feather, and they will hit the surface at the same time. The same is true for any object regardless of its mass or physical makeup, and this is known as the equivalence principle.
Since everything falls in the same way regardless of its mass, it means that without some external point of reference, a free-floating observer far from gravitational sources and a free-falling observer in the gravitational field of a massive body each have the same experience. For example, astronauts in the space station look as if they are floating without gravity. Actually, the gravitational pull of the Earth on the space station is nearly as strong as it is at the surface. The difference is that the space station (and everything in it) is falling. The space station is in orbit, which means it is literally falling around the Earth.
This equivalence between floating and falling is what Einstein used to develop his theory. In general relativity, gravity is not a force between masses. Instead gravity is an effect of the warping of space and time in the presence of mass. Without a force acting upon it, an object will move in a straight line. If you draw a line on a sheet of paper, and then twist or bend the paper, the line will no longer appear straight. In the same way, the straight path of an object is bent when space and time is bent. This explains why all objects fall at the same rate. The gravity warps spacetime in a particular way, so the straight paths of all objects are bent in the same way near the Earth.
So what kind of experiment could possibly prove that gravity is warped spacetime? One stems from the fact that light can be deflected by a nearby mass. It is often argued that since light has no mass, it shouldn’t be deflected by the gravitational force of a body. This isn’t quite correct. Since light has energy, and by special relativity mass and energy are equivalent, Newton’s gravitational theory predicts that light would be deflected slightly by a nearby mass. The difference is that general relativity predicts it will be deflected twice as much.
The effect was first observed by Arthur Eddington in 1919. Eddington traveled to the island of Principe off the coast of West Africa to photograph a total eclipse. He had taken photos of the same region of the sky sometime earlier. By comparing the eclipse photos and the earlier photos of the same sky, Eddington was able to show the apparent position of stars shifted when the Sun was near. The amount of deflection agreed with Einstein, and not Newton. Since then we’ve seen a similar effect where the light of distant quasars and galaxies are deflected by closer masses. It is often referred to as gravitational lensing, and it has been used to measure the masses of galaxies, and even see the effects of dark matter.
Another piece of evidence is known as the time-delay experiment. The mass of the Sun warps space near it, therefore light passing near the Sun is doesn’t travel in a perfectly straight line. Instead it travels along a slightly curved path that is a bit longer. This means light from a planet on the other side of the solar system from Earth reaches us a tiny bit later than we would otherwise expect. The first measurement of this time delay was in the late 1960s by Irwin Shapiro. Radio signals were bounced off Venus from Earth when the two planets were almost on opposite sides of the sun. The measured delay of the signals’ round trip was about 200 microseconds, just as predicted by general relativity. This effect is now known as the Shapiro time delay, and it means the average speed of light (as determined by the travel time) is slightly slower than the (always constant) instantaneous speed of light.
HOW WE KNOW EINSTEIN WAS WRONG
1."Since everything falls in the same way regardless of its mass, it
means that without some external point of reference, a free-floating
observer far from gravitational sources and a free-falling observer in
the gravitational field of a massive body each have the same experience.
For example, astronauts in the space station look as if they are
floating without gravity. Actually, the gravitational pull of the Earth
on the space station is nearly as strong as it is at the surface. The
difference is that the space station (and everything in it) is falling.
The space station is in orbit, which means it is literally falling
around the Earth."
It refers to thought experiments that are incomprehensive, illogical, and misleading.Thought experiments can be made to obtain the result they wanted to get. Albert Einstein made a mistake in his thought experiments.
,
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2."This equivalence between floating and falling is what Einstein used
to develop his theory. In general relativity, gravity is not a force
between masses. Instead gravity is an effect of the warping of space
and time in the presence of mass. Without a force acting upon it, an
object will move in a straight line. If you draw a line on a sheet of
paper, and then twist or bend the paper, the line will no longer appear
straight. In the same way, the straight path of an object is bent when
space and time is bent. This explains why all objects fall at the same
rate. The gravity warps spacetime in a particular way, so the straight
paths of all objects are bent in the same way near the Earth."
The equivalence pinciple is based on the thought experiment. This principle is false.Remember, it is not curved space, but the human mind which cannot comprehend infinity and eternity! ( Nicola Tesla).
In science fiction, space and time warps are a commonplace. They are used for rapid journeys around the galaxy, or for travel through time. But today's science fiction, is often tomorrow's science fact. So what are the chances for space and time warps. (Stephen Hawking ).
3."So what kind of experiment could possibly prove that gravity is warped spacetime? One stems from the fact that light can be deflected by a nearby mass. It is often argued that since light has no mass, it shouldn’t be deflected by the gravitational force of a body. This isn’t quite correct. Since light has energy, and by special relativity mass and energy are equivalent, Newton’s gravitational theory predicts that light would be deflected slightly by a nearby mass. The difference is that general relativity predicts it will be deflected twice as much."
There is no such thing as warped spacetime. Deflection of starlight is something very common that cause by refraction, not gravity
"Nothing can travel faster than the speed of light."
"Light always travels at the same speed."
Have you heard these statements before? They are often quoted as results of Einstein's theory of relativity. Unfortunately, these statements are somewhat misleading. Let's add a few words to them to clarify. "Nothing can travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum." "Light in a vacuum always travels at the same speed." Those additional three words in a vacuum are very important. A vacuum is a region with no matter in it. So a vacuum would not contain any dust particles ( www.rpi.edu )
4."The effect was first observed by Arthur Eddington in 1919. Eddington traveled to the island of Principe off the coast of West Africa to photograph a total eclipse. He had taken photos of the same region of the sky sometime earlier. By comparing the eclipse photos and the earlier photos of the same sky, Eddington was able to show the apparent position of stars shifted when the Sun was near. The amount of deflection agreed with Einstein, and not Newton."
"Light always travels at the same speed."
Have you heard these statements before? They are often quoted as results of Einstein's theory of relativity. Unfortunately, these statements are somewhat misleading. Let's add a few words to them to clarify. "Nothing can travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum." "Light in a vacuum always travels at the same speed." Those additional three words in a vacuum are very important. A vacuum is a region with no matter in it. So a vacuum would not contain any dust particles ( www.rpi.edu )
4."The effect was first observed by Arthur Eddington in 1919. Eddington traveled to the island of Principe off the coast of West Africa to photograph a total eclipse. He had taken photos of the same region of the sky sometime earlier. By comparing the eclipse photos and the earlier photos of the same sky, Eddington was able to show the apparent position of stars shifted when the Sun was near. The amount of deflection agreed with Einstein, and not Newton."
Einstein's proving method for his hypothesis the deflection of light by the Sun isn't scientific and deeply wrong ..............
5."It is often referred to as gravitational lensing, and it has been used to measure the masses of galaxies, and even see the effects of dark matter."
Lensing by refraction, not gravity.About dark matter, the trouble was, nobody could explain what this “dark matter” was.(13 things that do not make sense, NewScientist)
6."Another piece of evidence is known as the time-delay experiment. The
mass of the Sun warps space near it, therefore light passing near the
Sun is doesn’t travel in a perfectly straight line. Instead it travels
along a slightly curved path that is a bit longer. This means light
from a planet on the other side of the solar system from Earth reaches
us a tiny bit later than we would otherwise expect. The first
measurement of this time delay was in the late 1960s by Irwin Shapiro.
Radio signals were bounced off Venus from Earth when the two planets
were almost on opposite sides of the sun. The measured delay of the
signals’ round trip was about 200 microseconds, just as predicted by
general relativity. This effect is now known as the Shapiro time delay,
and it means the average speed of light (as determined by the travel
time) is slightly slower than the (always constant) instantaneous speed
of light."
The time-delay of light cause by refraction, not gravity. Please see picture below, A'-B is a straight line light of Apparent position, and A - B is a curved path of True position..A curved path A - B is a bit longer than A' - B. That's evidence in reality there is no such thing as spacetime or warped space, The time-delay experiment nothing to do with special and general relativity theory, but the time-delay of light cause by refraction, namely astronomical refraction and terrestrial refraction.
"The most beautiful thing we can experience is the Mysterious":
That's why his theory of relativity mislead many of scientists, and has raised many of hypothesis were included in the 9 biggest unsolved mysteries in physics.
The mysterious of Einstein's theory of general relativity is about space-time and warped space. In reality, there is no such thing as warped space. The idea of warped space come from not knowing where does gravity come from.
The Earth's gravity is a force that come from Earth's Radiation. The Earth received energy in the form of radiation from the Sun. For the Earth to remain in balance the energy coming into and leaving the Earth must equal.
Gravity is the force due to the effects of well balanced universe, and the force to maintain the well balanced universe.
Isaac Newton was right and Albert Einstein was wrong.
The deflection of starlight cause by refraction, not by gravity field of massive objects / the Sun.
Lensing cause by refraction, not gravity.
The time-delay of light cause by refraction, namely astronomical refraction and terrestrial refraction, so GPS doesn't need and doesn't use special and general relativity.
Dark matter, dark energy ...and the other ...do not make sense !
The mysterious of Einstein's theory of general relativity is about space-time and warped space. In reality, there is no such thing as warped space. The idea of warped space come from not knowing where does gravity come from.
The Earth's gravity is a force that come from Earth's Radiation. The Earth received energy in the form of radiation from the Sun. For the Earth to remain in balance the energy coming into and leaving the Earth must equal.
Gravity is the force due to the effects of well balanced universe, and the force to maintain the well balanced universe.
Isaac Newton was right and Albert Einstein was wrong.
The deflection of starlight cause by refraction, not by gravity field of massive objects / the Sun.
Lensing cause by refraction, not gravity.
The time-delay of light cause by refraction, namely astronomical refraction and terrestrial refraction, so GPS doesn't need and doesn't use special and general relativity.
Dark matter, dark energy ...and the other ...do not make sense !
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