SPONTANEOUS GENERATION: PERBEDAAN VERSI ARISTOTELES DAN DARWIN

Hingga awal abad ke-18, generatio spontanea adalah keyakinan umum awam maupun ilmuan mengenai asal usul kehidupan. Mengesankannya banyak penentang evolusi di masa kini justru menyerang ilmuan yang dipandang “masih” mempertahankan generatio spontanea dengan anggapan bahwa ia semata kepercayaan dengan ketiadaan bukti. ( Evy Siscawati, www.faktailmiah.com, 10 Maret 2011 )

Charles Darwin was daydreaming when he wrote that he could visualize "in some warm little pond," with all sorts of salts and electricity, the spontaneous generation of the first living cell. ( Joseph Mastropaolo, Ph.D., Evolution Is Biologically Impossible, www.icr.org )

Mengapa penentang teori Darwin, menolak Teori Generatio Spontanea ?  Jawabannya : bahwa yang ditolak itu adalah generatio spontanea versi Darwin, yaitu bahwa makhluk hidup terbentuk dengan sendirinya - Kemunculan Spontan - dari benda mati dan pada awalnya berupa sel tunggal ( tidak ada campur tangan Tuhan ).  

PROYEKSI KEKUATAN - POWER PROJECTION

“ The Teams and Staffs through which the modern commander absorbs information and exercices his authority must be a beautifully interlocked,  smooth-working mechanism, ….  Idealy,  the whole should be practically a single mind “  

 ( General Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1944 )

 
Dari berbagai peperangan laut yang terjadi di abad-20,  dari Perang Dunia I dan Perang Dunia II sampai Perang Falklands pada tahun 1982 dan Perang Teluk pada tahun 1991,  diketahui bahwa strategi maritim yang digunakan paling tidak mencakup 6 ( enam ) strategi,  yaitu :  Proyeksi kekuatan ke darat ( Power Projection / Operasi Amfibi ),  Penguasaan Laut ( Command of the Sea ) melalui upaya penghancuran kekuatan utama musuh di laut atau di pangkalan,  Pengendalian Laut ( Sea Control ),  Penangkalan,  Armada Siaga ( Fleet in Being ),  dan Blokade / mencegah penggunaan laut oleh lawan ( Sea Denial ).

THE FLEET - AND FLEET MARINE FORCE - IN THE 21st CENTURY

The  Fleet—and Fleet Marine Force—in the 21st Century

With end-strength numbers reduced and budgets slashed, the Navy–Marine Corps team must cultivate innovative ways to maintain vital capabilities.

As the nation withdraws from the war in Afghanistan and begins to rebalance its military forces toward the Pacific, the services are being forced to undertake a rigorous assessment of what is necessary in the new security environment. This assessment must be comprehensive: They must take stock not just of their fiscal position but also their physical and political ones. They must realistically assess strengths and weaknesses and prepare a range of affordable responses.

TOP FIVE NAVAL BATTLES OF ALL TIME

TOP FIVE NAVAL BATTLES OF ALL TIME

Ranking battles by their importance has been a bloodsport among military historians as long as there have been military historians. Creasy's classic Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World (1851) set the standard for the genre.

MAHAN IS NOT ENOUGH

Understanding the Naval Strategy Process

In September 1992, the Naval War College gathered naval experts from around the world to examine the works of Sir Julian Corbett and Admiral Sir Herbert Richmond in the post-Cold War context.  From the conference papers, the book “Mahan is not Enough “  was published.

THE FALKLANDS WAR : AN OVERVIEW

Summary

Fought in 1982, the Falklands War was the result of the Argentine invasion of the British-owned Falkland Islands. Located in the South Atlantic, Argentina had long claimed these islands as part of its territory. On April 2, 1982, Argentine forces landed in the Falklands, capturing the islands two days later. In response, the British dispatched a naval and amphibious task force to the area. The initial phases of the conflict occurred mainly at sea between elements of the Royal Navy and the Argentine Air Force. On May 21, British troops landed and by June 14 had compelled the Argentine occupiers to surrender.

DIMENSI IJ'TIHAD DALAM SUFISME

Arti kata Ij’tihad dalam ilmu Fiqh adalah suatu usaha keras yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui hukum suatu perkara,  melalui sumber pokok hukum Islam,  yaitu Al-Quran dan Hadits. Sebagian ulama Islam memandang Ij’tihad - yang dimaksud adalah hasil ij’tihad yaitu ij'ma ulama  -  sebagai Hukum Ke Tiga dari Islam, setelah Al-Quran dan Hadits.

SUFI DAN SUFISME

Bila mendengar kata sufi dan sufisme,  pertama kali yang muncul di benak kita adalah gambaran seorang kiai lengkap dengan atributnya sorban dan tasbih,  kiai tersebut hidup di pelosok desa jauh dari keramaian kota. Atau, barangkali yang muncul di benak kita adalah gambaran pengikut tarikat yang hidup berkelompok mengasingkan diri dari masyarakat umum,  dan mereka melakukan ibadah dengan cara-cara tertentu,  berbeda dengan ibadah yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat umum.  Dari gambaran-gambaran tersebut memunculkan anggapan, bahwa sufi dan sufisme cenderung tertutup atau mengisolir diri.

THE BATTLE FOR AMERICAN MINDS

After the Cold War, many in the defense community explored new ways to leverage the rapid expansion of information technology beyond traditional command, control and communications functions. Naval innovators were at the forefront of this effort.  Most notably Vice Admiral Art Cebrowski proliferated the concepts of Net Centric Warfare and Admiral William Owens partnered with Harvard professor Joseph Nye to pen an influential Foreign Affairs piece on America’s information edge.

FLEET IN BEING

In naval warfare, a "fleet in being" is a naval force that extends a controlling influence without ever leaving port. Were the fleet to leave port and face the enemy, it might lose in battle and no longer influence the enemy's actions, but while it remains safely in port, the enemy is forced to continually deploy forces to guard against it. A "fleet in being" can be part of a sea denial  doctrine, but not one of sea control.

HASTHA BRATA

DELAPAN SIFAT-SIFAT UTAMA KEPEMIMPINAN

Hastha Brata,  atau Delapan Sifat-Sifat Utama Kepemimpinan tercantum di Kitab Ramayana sebagai ajaran Sri Ramawijaya  kepada Barata yang ditunjuk menggantikannya sebagai Raja.   Sri Ramawijaya juga mengajarkan Hastha Brata kepada Gunawan Wibisana,  ketika penobatan Gunawan Wibisana sebagai Raja Alengka setelah Rahwana dikalahkan.    Hastha Brata juga tercantum di Kitab Mahabarata,  sebagai ajaran Sri Kresna kepada Arjuna.
Di bawah ini penulis berusaha menjabarkan ajaran Hastha Brata secara singkat dan dengan bahasa sederhana.

THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR

Peloponnesian War, (431–404 bc),  war fought between the two leading city-states in ancient Greece, A Athens and Sparta. Each stood at the head of alliances that, between them, included nearly every Greek city-state. The fighting engulfed virtually the entire Greek world, and it was properly regarded by  Thucydides,    whose contemporary account of it is considered to be among the world’s finest works of history, as the most momentous war up to that time.

A brief treatment of the Peloponnesian War follows.