GRAVITATIONAL REDSHIFT/BLUESHIFT IS INDOSHIFT, IT IS CAUSED BY REFRACTION

Redshift caused by refraction, not gravity

It is quite clear that deflection of starlight caused by refraction, not gravity. The term of gravitational redshift as we know is the term in the frame deflection of starlight by the Sun or light bending by gravity field of massive object.

Just for emphasize, the lights of objects in the sky reaching the earth have passed through layers of the terrestrial atmosphere, known as having different air density. Closer to the earth surface, the air is denser compared to the density of the air layer above it. The density is getting looser or weaker when it is getting higher.

If a ray of lights passes through from one medium to the others with different densities, such ray of lights will be reflected. The magnitude of refraction angle depends of density of its medium. That is why there are index of refraction.    A ray of lights is passed though water, the said ray of lights will be reflected closer to the normal. A ray of lights is not reflected if its track is at the same direction with the normal.

The difference between air density and water density is sufficiently big or in a sudden, therefore the light track in the air and in water looks like a broken line. It is completely different from the light track at the earth atmosphere. The air density at the layers of earth atmosphere changes gradually and regularly. This causes the light refraction in the form of a curve. And the effect of such curve, the apparent position of a star (celestial bodies: Sun, Stars, Planets) will always look higher than its true position.

Deflection of Light by Refraction, not gravity

 
Gravitational Redshift is not Doppler shift

The Doppler effect or the Doppler shift is the change in frequency of a wavelength  for an observer moving relative to its source. It is named after the Austrian physicist Christian Doppler, who proposed it in 1842 in Prague. It is commonly heard when a vehicle sounding a siren or horn approaches, passes, and recedes from an observer. Compared to the emitted frequency, the received frequency is higher during the approach, identical at the instant of passing by, and lower during the recession.

But the change in frequency of wavelength also related to temperature of its source. As the temperature increases, the frequency increase and the wavelength decrease. As tne wavelength increases, the frequency decreases, and as wave’s wavelength decreases, the frequency increases. When electromagnetic energy is released as the energy level increases, the wavelength decreases and frequency decreases.

When the celestial bodies become incasdescent as temperature increase, they emit a red glow that we see as redshuft. If temperature continues to rise, red glow turn to orange, the the yellow and then the blue that we see as a blueshift. The blue glow then turn to white. The amount of radiant energy given off by celestial bodies varied with wavelength and temperature.

“This redshift is not related to the famous Doppler shift since the observer is not in motion relative to the body emitting the light signal!”(Sten Odenwald and Rick Fienberg,1993)

Therefore, the term gravitational redshift can be misleading. No evidence redshift caused by gravity. A galaxys' redshift as Doppler effect actually is assumption that commonly accepted at that time in the life time of Einstein and other scientists. But in the views of the modern astronomy, a galaxys' redshift isn't Doppler. It is not cause by gravity, but by refraction. In connection with refraction of light, such phenomena isn't Doppler effects.

R.C.Gupta, India

New finding about Einstein's proving method that isn't scientific and ignored refraction of light, in accordance with-by coincidence-the same as the invention of R.C.Gupta,Professor,Institute of Engineering & Technology Lucknow, India, in his paper 'Bending of Light Near a Star  and  Gravitational Red/Blue Shift Alternative Explanation Based on Refraction of Light'.

Abstract:

"Many  of  the  general relativity tests  such  as  bending  of  light  near  a  star  and  gravitational  red/blue  shift  are explained  without  general relativity  &  without  Newtonian approach.  The  author  first  casts  doubts  on  both,  the Newtonian and  the  relativistic    approach;  and  proposes  a  novel  alternative explanation.  The  new  alternative explanation  is  based  on  refraction phenomenon  of  optics.  It  predicts  that  as  the  ray  passes  through/near  the  star’s  atmospheric
medium, it bends due to refraction phenomenon towards star core, like a ray bends while passing through a prism or water drop. A semi empirical estimation of the atmospheric height h  and its refractive index μ are made to find the refraction results. The refraction based theory also suggests new explanation for gravitational red/blue shift; it tells  that  frequency  ?  remains  constant  (as  it  is  so  in  refraction phenomenon) and the red/blue shift is due to change in wavelength  ?    due  to  change  in  velocity  of  light  c  in  the  medium. 

Estimated  results  for  bending  of  light  and  the red/blue  shift    etc.    with  the  new  approach      though  agree  well    with  known  values,  but  important  thing  is  that    the physics is quite different. Also discussed are black hole,  gravitational lensing and space time  in  the new perspective of refraction.  The  proposed  refraction based  theory    proposes  a  new look  on  black hole,  suggesting  that  black hole formation  is  critically  due  to  total internal reflection  within atmosphere  and  subsequent  absorption  into  the  star core.Gravitational lensing   is   explained   as   real   refraction lensing   with   possibility   of   chromatic aberration.  

The   new  refraction based theory also makes a few new predictions. The present paper also suggests a  possible alternative  to the  Einstein’s  curved  geometry of spacetime, and indicates that the fabric of spacetime which wraps(curves) around the  mass  is  not  the  empty vacuum  but  the  atmospheric medium.  The  new  refraction based  approach    providing alternative to generalr elativity, could have important bearing on understanding of spacetime, gravity and cosmology !"  (arxiv.org.pdf)


From the article 'Red Shift Riddles'

“Several ways can be conceived to explain this quantization. As noted earlier, a galaxys' redshift may not be a Doppler shift, it is the currently commonly accepted interpretation of the red shift, but there can be and are other interpretations. A galaxys' redshift may be a fundamental property of the galaxy. Each may have a specific state governed by laws, analogues to those in quantum mechanics that specify which energy states atoms may occupy. Since there is relatively little blurring on the quantization between galaxies, any real motions would have to be small in this model. Galaxies would not move away from one another; the universe would be static instead of expanding.“(cs.unc.edu).

As R.C Gupta said, estimated results for bending of light and the red/blue shift ..etc. with the new approach though agree well with known values, but important thing is that the physics is quite different, it is reasonable to change the term gravitational redshift / blueshift with Indoredshift / blueshift, and gravitational lensing with new terms Indolensing. 

When the celestial bodies become incasdescent as temperature increase, they emit a red glow that we see as redshuft. If temperature continues to rise, red glow turn to orange, the the yellow and then the blue that we see as a blueshift. The blue glow then turn to white. The amount of radiant energy given off by celestial bodies varied with wavelength and temperature. Such phenomena isn't Doppler shift. There is no Einstein's Shift. The end of Einstein's Shift. There are Indoredshift and Indoblueshift !

Sorry, Dr.Albert Einstein!


New Release 22 May 2016

Easy to Read and Needed

Albert Einstein proposed three tests of the general relativity theory. He also mentioned with comments: ".....If a single one of the conclusions drawn from it proves wrong, it must be given up; to modify it without destroying the whole structure seems to be impossible."

Actually error in the famous eclipse experiment of 1919, but F.W.Dyson writes:

"It seems clear that the effect found must be attributed to the Sun's gravitational field and not, for example, to the refraction by coronal matter" (F.W.Dyson, F.R.S, A Determination of the Deflection of Light by the Sun's Gravitational Field, from Observations made at the Total Eclipse of May 29, 1919).

The above statement is incorrect, because it is clear from Einstein's proving method - that photographs be taken of the stars immediately bordering the darkened face of the sun during an eclipse and compared with photographs of those same stars made at another time - this means that Einstein ignored the refraction of light. and ignored the celestial sphere coordinate system.

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Actually the famous eclipse experiment of 1919 was error. Einstein's proving method for hypothesis 'deflection of light by the Sun' : " Einstein proposed therefore, that photographs be taken of the stars immediately bordering the darkened face of the sun during an eclipse and compared with photographs of those same stars made at another time."

"photographs be taken of the stars", this means that Einstein ignored the refraction of light. and ignored the celestial sphere coordinate system.

"compared with photographs of those same stars made at another time", this means unscientific.

Triumvirate: Sir F.W.Dyson, Prof.A.S.Eddington, Mr.C.Davidson (???)

How did the theory of relativity change the world?-Answer by Gatot S Astari