About Proving Method of General Relativity

Evidence of Einstein’s Proving Method

The Evidence 2016The proving method of a theory as suggested by Einstein was recorded at the book ‘The Universe and Dr. Einstein’ written by Lincoln Barnett, published for the first time in London in June 1949. The Preface of this book was written by Albert Einstein himself.


“From these purely theoretical considerations Einstein concluded that light, like any material object, travels in a curve when passing through the gravitational field of a massive body. He suggested that his theory could be put to test by observing the path of starlight in the gravitational field of the Sun. Since the stars are invisible by day, there is only one occasion when Sun and stars can be seen together in the sky, and that is during an eclipse.

Einstein proposed therefore, that photographs be taken of the stars immediately bordering the darkened face of the sun during an eclipse and compared with photographs of those same stars made at another time. According to his theory, the light from the stars surrounding the Sun should be bent inward, toward the Sun, in traversing the Sun’s gravitational field; hence the images of these stars should appear to observer on earth to be shifted outward from their usual positions in the sky.

Einstein calculated the degree of deflection that should be observed and predicted that for the stars closest to the Sun the deviation would be about 1.75 seconds of an arc.Since he staked his whole General Theory of Relativity on this test, men of science throughout the world anxiously awaited the findings of expeditions which journeyed to equatorial regions to photograph the eclipse of May 29, 1919. When their pictures were developed and examined, the deflection of the starlight in the gravitational field of the sun was found to average 1.64 seconds— figure as close to perfect agreement with Einstein’s prediction as the accuracy of instruments allowed.“


The proving method on the theory on general relativity as requested by its founder, Albert Einstein, is not scientific and deeply wrong:

1.Deflection of light is the different angle between true position and apparent position of stars or the different of altitude. In astronomy, true position and apparent position of stars are three dimensionals.

All the photographs be taken of the stars are two dimensionals.

In this case Einstein ignored ‘The Space and Time’ or Celestial Sphere (Celestial Coordinate System), and ignored light refraction as the fundamental concepts in astronomy.

2.All the photographs be taken of solar eclipse ( the Sun and stars ) are photographs of the apparent positions of the Sun and stars. From these photos can not be use to calculate the deflection of light. No one can determine the correct angle of the deflection of light.

In this case Einstein ignored the experimental techniques

3.In astronomy, all calculations to determine the true position and the apparent position of a certain star at the sky is only applicable at a certain time and at a certain place on which such observation is performed.

To compared the photographs taken during an eclipse with photographs of those same stars made at another time is not scientific.

Conclusions: Einstein’s proving method for his hypothesis the deflection of light by the Sun is not scientific and deeply wrong. General relativity has been wrong since the beginning.




Backreaction.blogspot.com

THE TRUTH OF THE DEFLECTION OF LIGHT

---

LENSING BY REFRACTION, NOT GRAVITY. 

Remarkably, the paper goes on to postulates that gravitational attraction is only between material bodies – bodies with mass – and that light waves have no mass, so cannot be affected by gravity.

---

The truth of the deflection of Light

   Light is naturally available in our surrounding, either in day time or at night.  Such light may derive from the natural or artificial resources. When we see an object located far from our standing place, we think that what we see is its actual appearance. We are frequently unaware that what we see is actually not the real appearance of such object. For example, once upon a time when we are at a beach and admiring the beauty of nature before the sun set. The sun looks moving down slowly, and in a certain time the lower part of the sun  touches the edge of the sky or horizon. The panorama is so beautiful. However, when we see that beautiful panorama we are not aware that the actual sun has already fallen under the horizon. So, what we see is not the actual sun, but the apparent sun, or the sun on its ‘apparent position’. Even, the horizon or the sky edge that we see is not the actual sky edge, but the illusive sky edge.

Such phenomena is caused by the occurrence of light refraction reaching to our eyes. The light refraction causing the presence of apparent sun is called ‘astronomical light curve’ or ‘Astronomical Refraction’, whereas the thing causing the presence of the illusive sky edge is called ‘earthy light curve’  or “Terrestrial Refraction”. The said terrestrial refraction causes the phenomena of ‘Mirage’. And mirage is not an optical illusion, but an actual physical phenomena.

   And so is at night time when the sky is clear and we can see and admire the stars sprinkle and spread at the sky. All those space objects are not in their true conditions, but on their apparent position, and all of them are caused by the astronomical refraction.

   From the above explanation a question arises: Cannot we ever see in our bold eyes a star in the sky on its true position condition? Such a chance is available, though limited, and will be found at the following discussion.

   The ray curve occurs because the lights of an object reaching to our eyes / observers are not transmitted  in the form of straight lines, but deviated by a medium all along its track, including the deviation by the earth atmosphere. The ray curve is an angle occurring between the apparent  position direction and the true position direction of the said object.

   The light of the stars in the sky reaches the earth passing through a very long distance so far away, and has already passed through various kinds of medium respectively having different densities. The classical scientists such as Aristotle, Rene Desscrates, Sir Isaac Newton and others believed  that the light of the stars reaching us on earth crept spreading  through a medium the so-called “Luminiferous Ether”. However various kinds of experiments had been made, among other was an experiment conducted by the American Scientists Michelson and Morrey in the 19^th century, and all of those experiments failed to detect the presence of luminiferous ether, so that the ether is deemed non-existent. There is a possibility that luminiferous ether truly exists, but it cannot be proven.

   It is quite clear that the lights of objects in the sky reaching the earth have passed through layers of the terrestrial atmosphere, known as having different air density. Closer to the earth surface, the air is denser compared to the density of the air layer above it. The density is getting looser or weaker when it is getting higher.

   The Snell’s Law on light refraction declares that if a ray of lights passes through from one medium to the others with different densities, such ray of lights will be reflected. The magnitude of refraction angle depends of density of its medium. For example, a ray of lights is passed though water, the said ray of lights will be reflected closer to the normal.

   On the picture below it is illustrated that the normal line is N-N’. The light passes through from A to B, and the light track forms the angle ABN. The ABN angle is called ‘The Coming Angle’ or “Angle of Incidence”.

In water, direction of light track is reflected close to the normal line, namely the BC direction, and  forms the ‘CBN Angle’. This CBN Angle is called the ‘Refraction Angle’ or the “Angle of Refraction”. And the sinus of the Incidence Angle and sinus of the Refraction Angle have a fixed ratio. Such a ratio is called “Index of Refraction”.

   A ray of lights is not reflected if its track is at the same direction with the normal. This statement answers the above question, that the change and the only chance to see a star on its true position is at the moment when the said star is precisely located straight above our head as an observer, or exactly at the Zenith point.

   At the above picture, the difference between air density and water density is sufficiently big or in a sudden, therefore the light track in the air and in water looks like a broken line. It is completely different from the light track at the earth atmosphere. The air density at the layers of earth atmosphere changes gradually and regularly. This causes the light refraction in the form of a curve. And the effect of such curve, the apparent position of a star (celestial bodies: Sun, Stars, Planets) will always look higher than its true position.

 Apparent position and Actual / True position of the Sun (meritnationcom)
Apparent position is always looks higher than its true position.

    A curve of ray or light deflection is also known at the theory of Einstein, namely a deflection of light when passing through a gravity field of a massive object. According to this theory, when the light of a star passes through a gravity field of the sun, the said light will be deflected inwards, so that there will also be  the ‘apparent position’ and the ‘true position’ of a star.

   If Einstein’s theory of relativity was correct, then the light from stars that passed closest to the sun would show the greatest  degree of “bending”. And the stars whose light tracks are very far from the sun have their lights not being bent or deflected. The stars whose lights are not deflected means that there is no difference between the apparent position and the true position of the stars. If being consistent with this theory, it means that all stars visible at night time are at the appearance of the stars on their true positions, because the said stars do not pass through the field of gravity. This is certainly incorrect if it is seen from the astronomical scientific point of view. In astronomy. 

   The presence of ‘apparent position’ and ‘true position’ of a star is caused by the presence of ray curve, either the astronomical refraction or the terrestrial refraction, and not caused by the influence of gravity field. And due to the presence of ray curve, the ‘apparent position’ of a star always looks higher than its ‘true position’. It is different from illustration on the deflection of light caused by gravity field of the sun as stated at the reference above.

   Snell's law states that the ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction is equivalent to the ratio of phase velocities  the two media, or equivalent to the reciprocal of the ratio of the indices of refraction:

GENERAL RELATIVITY IS WRONG

LIGHT DEFLECTION BY REFRACTION, NOT GRAVITY

---

THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE

The expanding universe is not correct. If it was correct, all of celestial bodies (constellations,etc) should be expand, so that its shape will change. In reality, the form of constellations did not change. 

If the shape of constellations do change - for example, form of the Crux constellations (The Southern Cross) has change - It can not be used to get a position of the South Celestial Pole. It mean the end of astronomy and astrology.

---

NOW WE KNOW THE TRUTH IN PHYSICS.

ECLIPSE 1919 : INTRODUCTION

Einstein ignored light refraction through the Earth's atmosphere when he desires used a method for validating his General Theory of Relativity in 1919.

The proving method / tests on the theory of general relativity as requested by its founder, Albert Einstein, is unjustifiable from scientific point of view of the astronomy. 

If a scientist conveys a theory and at the same time shows its proving method/tests, however after being tested by another scientist it is found out that his proposed proving method is proven to be unable to be performed due to not being scientific, then automatically such proposed theory prematurely falls by itself. The proving cannot be carried out by other methods not as requested by the theory founder, since it is reasonably assumed that such proving is made based on belief.

LHC (Large Hadron Collider) cannot be used as evidence of scientific discovery, because no one  can prove them wrong. LHC is no more than a scientific fraud.  Construction and operation of the LHC shows modern physics in the great crisis.

INTRODUCTION 

   Alphonsus Kelly, an Ireland engineer, in his lecture at Trinity College, Dublin, on February 15, 1996, stated that the Einstein’s Relativity theory might be wrong. Kelly revealed the experiment of Sagnac, the French physicist in the year 1914, showing that the time taken by a light to complete one rotation is found to be different from the time taken by one rotation in opposite direction. The Sagnac’s experiment proved that the speed of light was not constant. It is different from Einstein’s theory stating that the light velocity is constant.

   

   Reaction was given by an English astronomer, Arnold Wolfendale, stating that to design an experiment to prove that the light velocity is not constant is really a difficult thing to do.

   

   “ You cannot demolish a very strong theory such as Einstein’s Relativity only be based on a cheap experiment,” said Wolfendale reffering to Kelly’s opinion indicating that Enstein was wrong just based on Sagnac’s experiment. Wolfendale added that the particle accelerator all over the world have proven the truth of Einstein’s Relativity.

  

   “ We are engineer, will never give up, “ said Kelly to The Times. “ I know there is a priest preaching a mystery not known to him, and I think the physicists do the same thing.”

   Einstein’s theories, either Special Relativity or General Relativity, in principle arose from the firmness and faith of Einstein upon the harmony of universe. Einstein believed the universe was entirely always symmetrical and harmonious that should have been created by Supreme Intelligence.

   

   In gigantic scale, the universe is so homogenous. In whatever directions we look at all dots in the sky, they look the same and uniform. This is frequently asked by the scientists, and it creates the idea about the theory of establishment of universe, the beginning and the end of the universe in their opinions.

   

   Einstein’s general relativity theory stating that the natural law for all systems were equally applicable without being affected by their movements. This was a development of Special Relativity, and was announced in 1916. Einstein also issued a hypothesis considering the light as a particle. Therefore, light is influenced by gravity. Based on this hypothesis Einstein concluded that the light just as other material objects, moved in curve if gravity field of an object was massive. Such Einstein’s hypothesis on light caused dualism in modern physics, namely Dualism of Particle Wave.

   Justification or denial to a certain theory is best proven by self-proving concept. The self-proving concept was first presented by Aristotle in the 3^rd  century BC. Such a concept was also strongly held by Einstein, in which he was reluctant to accept a non self-proving theory.

   Many theories of physics exposed at the beginning of the 20^th century were self-proving, such as Photoelectric Effects conducted by Einstein, as a support to the Quantum Theory presented by Max Planck in 1900, that had been self-proven. It even produced the most admired technology at present : Information Technology.

   But Einstein’s Relativity Theory, from the beginning until now is still controversy. Let us note that in practice for the General Relativity Theory, if Einstein’s theory of general relativity was correct, then the light from stars that passed closest to the sun would show the greatest  degree of bending, and the stars whose light tracks are very far from the sun have their lights not being bent or deflected. The stars whose lights are not deflected means that there is no difference between the apparent position and the true position of the stars.

Illustration above was incorrect:  Apparent Position should be look higher than Actual Position

   If being consistent with this theory, it means that all stars visible at night time are at the appearance of the stars on their true positions, because the said stars do not pass through the field of gravity. This is certainly incorrect if it is seen from the astronomical scientific point of view.  The stars  in the sky at night time and seen by the observers, all are stars on apparent positions, not on their true / actual  positions.

EINSTEIN'S GENERAL RELATIVITY WAS TOTALLY WRONG

Einstein ignored light refraction through the Earth's atmosphere when he desires used a method for validating his General Theory of Relativity in 1919.

Albert Einstein proposed three tests of the general relativity theory:

1.the perihelion precession of Mercury’s orbit.

2.the deflection of light by the Sun.

3.the gravitational redshift of light