Light is naturally available in our
surrounding, either in day time or at night.
Such light may derive from the natural or artificial resources. When we
see an object located far from our standing place, we think that what we see is
its actual appearance. We are frequently unaware that what we see is actually
not the real appearance of such object. For example, once upon a time when we
are at a beach and admiring the beauty of nature before the sun set. The sun
looks moving down slowly, and in a certain time the lower part of the sun touches the edge of the sky or horizon. The
panorama is so beautiful. However, when we see that beautiful panorama we are
not aware that the actual sun has already fallen under the horizon. So, what we
see is not the actual sun, but the apparent
sun, or the sun on its ‘apparent
position’. Even, the horizon or the sky edge that we see is not the actual sky edge, but the illusive sky edge.
Such phenomena is caused by the
occurrence of light refraction reaching to our eyes. The light refraction
causing the presence of apparent sun is called ‘astronomical light curve’ or ‘Astronomical Refraction’, whereas the
thing causing the presence of the illusive sky edge is called ‘earthy light curve’ or “Terrestrial
Refraction”. The said
terrestrial refraction causes the phenomena of ‘Mirage’. And mirage is not an optical
illusion, but an actual physical phenomena.
And so is at night time when the sky is clear and we can see and admire
the stars sprinkle and spread at the sky. All those space objects are not in
their true conditions, but on their
apparent position, and all of them are caused by the astronomical
refraction.
From the above explanation a question arises: Cannot we ever see in our bold eyes a star in the sky on its true
position condition? Such a chance is available, though limited, and will be
found at the following discussion.
The ray curve occurs because the lights of an object reaching to our
eyes / observers are not transmitted in
the form of straight lines, but deviated by a medium all along its track,
including the deviation by the earth atmosphere. The ray curve is an angle
occurring between the apparent position direction and the true position direction of the said
object.
The light of the stars in the sky reaches the earth passing through a
very long distance so far away, and has already passed through various kinds of
medium respectively having different densities. The classical scientists such
as Aristotle, Rene Desscrates, Sir Isaac
Newton and others believed that the
light of the stars reaching us on earth crept spreading through a medium the so-called “Luminiferous
Ether”. However
various kinds of experiments had been made, among other was an experiment
conducted by the American Scientists Michelson and Morrey in the 19th
century, and all of those experiments failed to detect the presence of
luminiferous ether, so that the ether is deemed non-existent. There is a
possibility that luminiferous ether truly exists, but it cannot be proven.
It is quite clear that the lights of objects in the sky reaching the
earth have passed through layers of the terrestrial atmosphere, known as having
different air density. Closer to the
earth surface, the air is denser compared to the density of the air layer above
it. The density is getting looser or weaker when it is getting higher.
The Snell’s Law on light
refraction declares that if a ray of lights passes through from one medium to
the others with different densities, such ray of lights will be reflected. The
magnitude of refraction angle depends of density of its medium. For example, a
ray of lights is passed though water, the said ray of lights will be reflected
closer to the normal.
On the picture below it is illustrated that the normal line is N-N’. The
light passes through from A to B, and the light track forms the angle ABN. The
ABN angle is called ‘The Coming Angle’
or “Angle of Incidence”.
In water, direction of light track is
reflected close to the normal line, namely the BC direction, and forms the ‘CBN Angle’. This CBN Angle is
called the ‘Refraction Angle’ or the “Angle of Refraction”. And the sinus of the Incidence Angle and sinus of the
Refraction Angle have a fixed ratio. Such a ratio is called “Index of Refraction”.
A ray of lights is not reflected if its track is at the same direction
with the normal. This statement answers the above question, that the change and
the only chance to see a star on its true position is at the moment when the
said star is precisely located straight above our head as an observer, or
exactly at the Zenith point.
At the above picture, the difference between air density and water density
is sufficiently big or in a sudden, therefore the light track in the air and in
water looks like a broken line. It is completely different from the light track
at the earth atmosphere. The air density at the layers of earth atmosphere
changes gradually and regularly. This causes the light refraction in the form
of a curve. And the effect of such curve, the apparent position of a star (celestial bodies: Sun, Stars, Planets) will
always look higher than its true position.
Apparent position and Actual / True position of the Sun (meritnationcom)
Apparent position is always looks higher than its true position.
A curve of ray or light deflection is also known at the theory of
Einstein, namely a deflection of light when passing through a gravity field of
a massive object. According to this theory, when the light of a star passes
through a gravity field of the sun, the said light will be deflected inwards,
so that there will also be the ‘apparent position’ and the ‘true position’ of a star.
If Einstein’s theory of relativity was correct, then the light from stars that passed closest to the sun
would show the greatest degree of
“bending”. And the stars whose light tracks are very far from the sun have
their lights not being bent or deflected. The stars whose lights are not
deflected means that there is no difference between the apparent position and
the true position of the stars. If being consistent with this theory, it means
that all stars visible at night time are at the appearance of the stars on
their true positions, because the said stars do not pass through the field of
gravity. This is certainly incorrect if
it is seen from the astronomical scientific point of view. In astronomy.
The
presence of ‘apparent position’ and ‘true position’ of a star is caused by
the presence of ray curve, either the astronomical refraction or the
terrestrial refraction, and not caused by the influence of gravity field. And
due to the presence of ray curve, the ‘apparent
position’ of a star always looks higher than its ‘true position’. It is different from illustration on the
deflection of light caused by gravity field of the sun as stated at the
reference above.
Snell's law states that the ratio of the sines of the angles of
incidence and refraction is equivalent to the ratio of phase velocities the two media, or equivalent to the
reciprocal of the ratio of the indices of refraction:
GENERAL RELATIVITY IS WRONG
THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE
The expanding universe is not correct. If it was correct, all of celestial bodies (constellations,etc) should be expand, so that its shape will change. In reality, the form of constellations did not change.
If the shape of constellations do change - for example, form of the Crux constellations (The Southern Cross) has change - It can not be used to get a position of the South Celestial Pole. It mean the end of astronomy and astrology.
